2009年2月25日星期三

Cell:马达蛋白新发现

专题: Cell专题 一个包括英国利兹大学的国际性科研团队近日报到了与“动力蛋白(Dynein)”相关的新内容,首次识别了动力蛋白结构的主要元素及其运作的绞车式机制。该蛋白属于马达蛋白,一般认为其与神经性紊乱有关,如运动神经元病。研究结果已经发表于2月6日期Cell 上。 动力蛋白是马达蛋白三大家庭中了解最少的一种蛋白,然而其在诸多重要生理过程中发挥关键作用,如促进精子卵子的运动和辅助细胞分裂等,同时还参与细胞如运动神经元内分子物质的运输。 动力蛋白可以负载相关物质在人体内移动一米的距离,相当于人自己徒步走40 公里之遥。利兹大学研究团共与其日本同事合作研究了合成肌动蛋白,并在马达内部标有荧光识别蛋白。采用电镜技术,他们可以对这些识别蛋白进行定位。来自利兹大学生物科学系的首席研究员Stan Burgess 博士表示,运动神经元具有一套很复杂的转运系统。虽然运动神经细胞核位于脊髓内,但其具有穿过从脊椎到脚趾整个肢体的突触。这类突触是分子马达,如动力蛋白的“高速高路”,一旦发生“交通事故”,将会引起细胞死亡,最后导致机体肌肉萎缩,典型的表现为运动神经系统疾病。



Burgess 博士指出,与其它蛋白质一样,动力蛋白也具有一个由长线型的分子折叠而成的复杂三级空间结构,虽然不能采用电镜技术探明其电子结构,但是最新的研究可以促进研究该蛋白质的关键位点,探明其运动机理。但日本的科学家认为,该动力蛋白的核心与细胞内的其它环状分子装置很相似,推测其间存在着一定的进化关系。
Burgess 博士称,虽其研究团队对于动力蛋白结构的认识上还存在着一定的分歧,但是其运动机制和核心结构的发现,可以为以后相关科学研究提供了研究方向。通过对动力蛋白结构和其运动机理的研究,研究人员期望可以了解其在细胞中功能,进而得知当其遭到破坏时的机体的反应。 ( 生物谷 Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
Cell, Volume 136, Issue 3, 485-495, 6 February 2009 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.11.049
AAA+ Ring and Linker Swing Mechanism in the Dynein Motor
Anthony J. Roberts1,Naoki Numata2,Matt L. Walker3,Yusuke S. Kato1,Bara Malkova1,Takahide Kon2,Reiko Ohkura2,Fumio Arisaka4,Peter J. Knight1,Kazuo Sutoh2,,andStan A. Burgess1,,
1 Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK2 Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan3 MLW Consulting, 11 Race Hill, Launceston, Cornwall PL15 9BB, UK4 Graduate School and School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
Summary
Dynein ATPases power diverse microtubule-based motilities. Each dynein motor domain comprises a ring-like head containing six AAA+ modules and N- and C-terminal regions, together with a stalk that binds microtubules. How these subdomains are arranged and generate force remains poorly understood. Here, using electron microscopy and image processing of tagged and truncated Dictyostelium cytoplasmic dynein constructs, we show that the heart of the motor is a hexameric ring of AAA+ modules, with the stalk emerging opposite the primary ATPase site (AAA1). The C-terminal region is not an integral part of the ring but spans between AAA6 and near the stalk base. The N-terminal region includes a lever-like linker whose N terminus swings by 17 nm during the ATPase cycle between AAA2 and the stalk base. Together with evidence of stalk tilting, which may communicate changes in microtubule binding affinity, these findings suggest a model for dynein's structure and mechanism.

Nature Chemical Biology:揭示一种临床抗菌剂新机制

甲氧苄氨嘧啶是一种抗菌素,主要用以治疗疟疾、呼吸道或尿道感染。最近,研究人员发现了这种药物有一种意想不到的多米诺骨牌效应,也就是说,它在药物的作用通道上抑制两种活性,新成果发表在《自然—化学生物学》期刊上。新工作揭示了这种临床药物的新机制,强调应深入研究药物的代谢通道,真正弄清楚药物的效果。
甲氧苄氨嘧啶通过抑制一种名为二氢叶酸还原酶(DHFR)的细菌酶来治疗疾病。通过同步测量一个细菌细胞中所有与叶酸相关的化学物质,Joshua Rabinowitz和同事发现,甲氧苄氨嘧啶不仅抑制了DHFR,而且还抑制了叶酸代谢中的其他酶。第二种酶不是由甲氧苄氨嘧啶直接抑制的,取而代之,DHFR的抑制导致二氢叶酸底物的堆积,并成为第二种酶的抑制剂。因此,甲氧苄氨嘧啶引发了酶抑制的级联反应。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
Nature Chemical Biology,doi:10.1038/nchembio.108 ,Yun Kyung Kwon,Joshua D Rabinowitz
A domino effect in antifolate drug action in Escherichia coli
Yun Kyung Kwon1, Wenyun Lu1, Eugene Melamud1, Nurussaba Khanam2, Andrew Bognar2 & Joshua D Rabinowitz1
Mass spectrometry technologies for measurement of cellular metabolism are opening new avenues to explore drug activity. Trimethoprim is an antibiotic that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). Kinetic flux profiling with 15N-labeled ammonia in Escherichia coli reveals that trimethoprim leads to blockade not only of DHFR but also of another critical enzyme of folate metabolism: folylpoly--glutamate synthetase (FP--GS). Inhibition of FP--GS is not directly due to trimethoprim. Instead, it arises from accumulation of DHFR's substrate dihydrofolate, which we show is a potent FP--GS inhibitor. Thus, owing to the inherent connectivity of the metabolic network, falling DHFR activity leads to falling FP--GS activity in a domino-like cascade. This cascade results in complex folate dynamics, and its incorporation in a computational model of folate metabolism recapitulates the dynamics observed experimentally. These results highlight the potential for quantitative analysis of cellular metabolism to reveal mechanisms of drug action.
1 Department of Chemistry and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Carl Icahn Laboratory, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.2 Department of Microbiology, Medical Sciences Building #4383, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.

NEJM:疟疾疫苗即将进入最终阶段试验

在研究表明一种候选疟疾疫苗将肯尼亚和坦桑尼亚的婴幼儿疟疾风险降低一半之后,7个非洲国家的1.6万名儿童即将在明年早些时候参与该疫苗的最终阶段试验。
下一步的试验将扩展到布基纳法索、加蓬、加纳、马拉维和莫桑比克。试验定于2009年3月开始。
来自两个东非临床试验的结果12月8日发表在了《新英格兰医学杂志》(NEJM)上,这两个试验使用的疫苗目前被称为RTS,S。
“这些结果促进了一种前景,即疫苗有能力保护非洲的婴幼儿不受疟疾感染,”该研究的作者之一、肯尼亚医学研究所设在Kilifi的地理医学研究中心的Ally Olotu说。
其中一项试验证明了该疫苗——它能在这种凭借血液传播寄生虫到达肝脏之前制止它们——可以纳入非洲国家标准的儿童免疫规划中,而不会影响其他疫苗的有效性或破坏它自身的有效性。
第二项试验证实了这种疫苗对婴儿的安全和有效性,并发现它能降低疟疾的感染率一半(53%)。
Olotu说,接下来的试验的参与者是6—12周的新生儿以及5—17个月的婴儿,这些试验将提供关于该疫苗的有效性和安全性的更多信息。
坦桑尼亚Ifakara卫生研究所的Salim Abdulla说,在肯尼亚和坦桑尼亚进行的最新试验证实了早先在冈比亚成年人以及莫桑比克的学龄前儿童身上进行的更小规模的试验,在这些试验中疫苗提供了18个月到4年的保护。(参见 莫桑比克开始疟疾疫苗试验)
然而,Abdulla说,目前没有在非洲生产这种疫苗的计划,而且没有关于它的可能成本的信息。他告诉本网站说,科学家正在和非政府组织以及卫生发展机构协商开展一个社会营销运动,从而迅速扩大该疫苗在世界卫生组织以及其它免疫接种项目中的应用。
“这些发现为我们打算在非洲的11个地点进行的III期临床试验建立了强有力的基础,”Abdulla说。他在坦桑尼亚的坦噶医学研究中心参与了这些试验。( 生物谷 Bioon.com)
生物谷 推荐原始出处:
NEJM,359, 2521 (2008),Philip Bejon,Lorenz von Seidlein
Efficacy of RTS,S/AS01E Vaccine against Malaria in Children 5 to 17 Months of Age
Philip Bejon, Ph.D., John Lusingu, Ph.D., Ally Olotu, M.B., Ch.B., Amanda Leach, M.R.C.P.C.H., Marc Lievens, M.Sc., Johan Vekemans, Ph.D., Salum Mshamu, M.D., Trudie Lang, Ph.D., Jayne Gould, Ph.D., Marie-Claude Dubois, M.Sc., Marie-Ange Demoitié, M.Sc., Jean-Francois Stallaert, B.Sc., Preeti Vansadia, M.H.S., Terrell Carter, M.H.S., Patricia Njuguna, M.D., Ken O. Awuondo, H.N.D., Anangisye Malabeja, M.D., Omar Abdul, M.D., Samwel Gesase, M.D., Neema Mturi, M.R.C.Paed., Chris J. Drakeley, Ph.D., Barbara Savarese, R.N., Tonya Villafana, Ph.D., W. Ripley Ballou, M.D., Joe Cohen, Ph.D., Eleanor M. Riley, Ph.D., Martha M. Lemnge, Ph.D., Kevin Marsh, F.R.C.P., and Lorenz von Seidlein, Ph.D.
Background Plasmodium falciparum malaria is a pressing global health problem. A previous study of the malaria vaccine RTS,S (which targets the circumsporozoite protein), given with an adjuvant system (AS02A), showed a 30% rate of protection against clinical malaria in children 1 to 4 years of age. We evaluated the efficacy of RTS,S given with a more immunogenic adjuvant system (AS01E) in children 5 to 17 months of age, a target population for vaccine licensure.
Methods We conducted a double-blind, randomized trial of RTS,S/AS01E vaccine as compared with rabies vaccine in children in Kilifi, Kenya, and Korogwe, Tanzania. The primary end point was fever with a falciparum parasitemia density of more than 2500 parasites per microliter, and the mean duration of follow-up was 7.9 months (range, 4.5 to 10.5).
Results A total of 894 children were randomly assigned to receive the RTS,S/AS01E vaccine or the control (rabies) vaccine. Among the 809 children who completed the study procedures according to the protocol, the cumulative number in whom clinical malaria developed was 32 of 402 assigned to receive RTS,S/AS01E and 66 of 407 assigned to receive the rabies vaccine; the adjusted efficacy rate for RTS,S/AS01E was 53% (95% confidence interval [CI], 28 to 69; P<0.001) on the basis of Cox regression. Overall, there were 38 episodes of clinical malaria among recipients of RTS,S/AS01E, as compared with 86 episodes among recipients of the rabies vaccine, with an adjusted rate of efficacy against all malarial episodes of 56% (95% CI, 31 to 72; P<0.001). All 894 children were included in the intention-to-treat analysis, which showed an unadjusted efficacy rate of 49% (95% CI, 26 to 65; P<0.001). There were fewer serious adverse events among recipients of RTS,S/AS01E, and this reduction was not only due to a difference in the number of admissions directly attributable to malaria.

葡萄籽能治白血病?

一项新研究表明,当白血病细胞接触到一种葡萄籽提取物时,3/4的癌细胞在24小时之内死掉。
美国肯塔基大学的研究人员称,他们发现这种提取物能刺激JNK激酶的产生,JNK激酶可以调节导致细胞死亡的信号传输路径。该论文刊登在1月出版的美国《临床癌症研究》杂志上。
论文作者、肯塔基大学毒理学中心华人教授史香林(Xianglin Shi)说:“这些研究表明,可以把葡萄籽提取物这样的制剂,纳入预防或治疗恶性血液病中来,也许还可以用来预防和治疗其他癌症。”史香林同时提醒:“该研究还处于初始阶段,是一项非常有前途的研究。但要说这种物质具有根本性的保护作用,还为时尚早。”
以前的研究已经证明,吃蔬菜和水果有助于抑制癌症的发展,类黄酮和葡萄籽提取物可能杀死癌细胞,使某些肿瘤变小。史香林利用一种葡萄籽提取物,使用不同的剂量来对付白血病细胞,结果发现,剂量越高,死亡的白血病细胞越多,却不会影响健康的细胞。
然而,当研究人员往这种提取物中加入抑制JNK激酶蛋白的制剂,或者利用基因工程关闭JNK激酶基因时,葡萄籽提取物就不再有效。(生物谷Bioon.com)